We develop methods, benchmarks, and training systems that turn expert data into frontier AI

Evaluating the effectiveness of unlearning in large language models (LLMs) remains a key challenge, especially as existing metrics often rely on specific reference outputs. The widely used forget quality metric from the TOFU benchmark compares likelihoods over paraphrased answers but is highly sensitive to the choice of the reference answers, potentially obscuring whether a model has truly forgotten the targeted information. We…

LLM-as-a-judge—often with multiple judges—is now the standard for scalable model evaluation, yet judge biases and correlations can amplify errors. We cast aggregation as inference in a latent-factor Markov random field that jointly models a latent true-quality variable, inter-judge correlations, and confounders (e.g., generation length). We address two key technical challenges—identifiability and learning a higher-rank latent structure—via CARE, a two-stage estimator that…

Part 3 of our rubric series explains the science of rubric design. We show why rubrics should be treated like models—structured, measured, and iterated—to maximize objective alignment and inter-rater agreement. Learn how to choose hierarchy and scale points, track agreement (IAA) and LLMAJ alignment, and refine with domain experts, with examples like PaperBench and HealthBench.

Rubrics turn fuzzy “good vs. bad” into measurable criteria for GenAI. In Part 2, we map what to measure (granularity and dataset-level vs instance-specific), where to measure (process vs outcome), and how to measure (humans, LLM-as-judge, code, reward models)—with examples like HHH, FLASK, HealthBench, and PaperBench.

Verifiers can enhance language model (LM) performance by scoring and ranking a set of generated responses, but high-quality verifiers today are either unscalable (like human judges) or of limited practical use (such as formal proof tools like Lean). While LM-based judges and reward models serve as general-purpose verifiers, they still fall short of the performance levels achieved by oracle verifiers,…

Rubrics aren’t just for evaluation—they’re a blueprint for better data annotation. In this post, we explore how structured rubrics enable scalable, high-quality labeling and evaluation of GenAI systems. Learn how Snorkel and leading labs use rubrics to align human and automated judgment and accelerate trusted AI development.

We’re taking a look at the research paper, LLMs can easily learn to reason from demonstration (Li et al., 2025), in this week’s community research spotlight. It focuses on how the structure of reasoning traces impacts distillation from models such as DeepSeek R1. What’s the big idea regarding LLM reasoning distillation? The reasoning capabilities of powerful models such as DeepSeek…

The weak-to-strong generalization phenomenon is the driver for important machine learning applications including highly data-efficient learning and, most recently, performing superalignment. While decades of research have resulted in numerous algorithms that produce strong empirical performance, understanding what aspects of data enable weak-to-strong generalization has been understudied. We propose a simple data-centric mechanism that characterizes weak-to-strong generalization: the overlap density. Intuitively,…

Learn how ARR improves QA accuracy in LLMs through intent analysis, retrieval, and reasoning. Is intent the key to smarter AI? Explore ARR results!