Preference Tuning For Toxicity Mitigation Generalizes Across Languages

Detoxifying multilingual Large Language Models (LLMs) has become crucial due to their increasing global use. In this work, we explore zero-shot cross-lingual generalization of preference tuning in detoxifying LLMs. In contrast to prior work that suggests limited crosslingual generalization for other safety tasks, we show that Direct Preference Optimization (DPO) training with only English data can significantly reduce toxicity in multilingual openended generations. For instance, the probability of mGPT-1.3B in generating toxic continuations drops from 46.8% to 3.9% across 17 different languages after training. Our results also generalize to other multilingual LLMs, such as BLOOM, Llama3, and Aya-23. Using mechanistic interpretability tools such as causal intervention and activation analysis, we have discovered the dual multilinguality property of MLP layers in LLMs, which explains the crosslingual generalization of DPO. Finally, we show that bilingual sentence retrieval can be predictive of the cross-lingual transferability of DPO preference tuning.